Ruminant Animal Digestion System and Process
Realizing that the type of food is composed of cellulose that is difficult to digest, ruminant animals have special digestive system channels. The organs in the digestive tract of the following ruminant animals have adapted their natural food types.
1. Oral Cavity (Cavum Oris)
In the oral cavity of ruminant animals, there are 2 organs of the digestive system that have important functions, namely teeth and tongue. Ruminant teeth are different from other mammalian teeth. Incisors (incisors) have a shape suitable for clamping food in the form of grass, canines (canines) do not develop at all, while the back molars (molare) have a flat and wide shape.
2. Esophagus
The esophagus or esophagus is the connecting organ channel between the oral cavity and the stomach. In this channel, food does not undergo digestion. They just pass by before being crushed in the stomach. Esophagus in ruminant animals are generally very short, which is about 5 cm, but the width is able to enlarge (dilate) to adjust the size and texture of the food.
3. Stomach
After going through the esophagus, food will enter the stomach. Stomach in ruminant animals in addition to playing a role in the process of decomposition and fermentation, is also useful as a temporary storage place for food to be chewed again. The size of the space in the stomach of a ruminant animal varies depending on its age and food. What is clear is that the gastric chamber is divided into 4 parts, namely the rumen (80%), reticulum (5%), omasum (7-8%), and abomasum (7-8%).
a. Rumen (Large Stomach)
First the food that passes through the esophagus will enter the rumen. This food naturally has been mixed with saliva which is alkaline with a pH of ± 8.5. The rumen functions as a temporary storage for food that has been swallowed. After the rumen is filled with enough food, the cow will rest while chewing back food released from this rumen. These enzymes function to break down polysaccharides including cellulose found in their natural food. protein decomposing enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes and some fat digesting enzymes are also there.
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